Regulatory Uncertainty: Evolving carbon accounting standards and blockchain regulatory frameworks. Mitigation: Engagement with regulatory bodies, compliance-by-design architecture, and legal advisory partnerships.

Market Adoption Resistance: Established carbon credit registries and verification bodies may resist technological disruption. Mitigation: Collaborative approach with existing registries, gradual integration strategy, and demonstration of complementary value.

Environmental and Social Risks:

Measurement Accuracy: Ensuring IoT measurements accurately reflect actual carbon sequestration and environmental impact. Mitigation: Scientific validation studies, peer review processes, and collaboration with environmental research institutions.
Community Displacement: Technology deployment must not disadvantage local communities or traditional land management practices. Mitigation: Community engagement protocols, equitable benefit sharing, and indigenous knowledge integration.
Greenwashing Prevention: Avoiding creation of systems that enable corporate greenwashing without genuine environmental impact. Mitigation: Rigorous scientific standards, transparency requirements, and independent oversight mechanisms.

Operational Challenges:

Infrastructure Costs: Deploying IoT networks in remote environmental locations requires significant infrastructure investment. Mitigation: Phased deployment strategy, shared infrastructure models, and partnerships with telecommunications providers.
Cross-border Operations: Managing projects across multiple countries with varying regulations and technical standards. Mitigation: Modular system design allowing local customization and partnerships with regional environmental organizations.
Long-term Sustainability: Ensuring system operation and maintenance over decades-long carbon project lifecycles. Mitigation: Sustainable funding models, community ownership structures, and technology refresh planning.

Technical Debt Risks:

Sensor Technology Evolution: Rapid advancement in environmental monitoring technology may require system updates. Mitigation: Modular sensor integration architecture and regular technology roadmap reviews.
Blockchain Platform Dependencies: Changes in underlying blockchain platforms could affect system functionality. Mitigation: Multi-chain compatibility design and blockchain-agnostic data structures.

1d:Tec3,

Associate Professor Dr. Nurul Izzah Hassan is a leading Environmental Technology and Sustainable Systems researcher at the Faculty of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). She graduated from Imperial College London, UK in 2014 with a PhD in Environmental Engineering, specializing in Carbon Cycle Modeling and Environmental Monitoring Systems. She obtained her M.Sc in Environmental Science from University of Edinburgh and her B.Eng in Chemical Engineering from UTM.

Before joining academia, Dr. Nurul spent six years in the environmental consulting industry, working with multinational corporations including Shell Malaysia, Genting Plantations, and the Malaysian Palm Oil Board. Her industry experience encompasses carbon footprint assessment, environmental impact monitoring, and sustainability reporting for large-scale agricultural and industrial operations.

Research Expertise: Currently, Dr. Nurul’s research focuses on Environmental Data Analytics, Carbon Market Technology, IoT-enabled Environmental Monitoring, and Blockchain Applications for Sustainability. Her work